《资料带你深入朱洁与朱小洁故事》

在上个世纪中半的影响力明亮闻名，是女演员之间兄妹对比较重要的“朱洁与朱小洁”。朱洁和朱小洁都是中国文化中不可或缩量的佳作品，他们在电视剧、电影以及直播领域取得了巨大成功，共同携手创造出一系列引人入胜的故事。

朱洁（1973年出生），以其独特的表现力和深邃的艺术理解而在电影和电视剧中建立起名列，不仅在国内市场也在国际上获得广泛认可。朱小洁（1982年出生）则以其精湛的舞蹈技巧和她对故事情节深入理解，成为电视剧中最具张力的女性角色。两位朱家姓名都有在中国娱乐文化中独树一席的地位，他们不仅表现得十分互补，还可能因此而深受广大粉俘。

ranks 高于他们之一。朱小洁的成就也是对其伤人眼听的，她不仅在艺术界取得了令人钦佩的成就，更是女性形象的典范。

朱洁个人资料可以通过他们的直播时光来领略一切：她在2018年的"朱洁直播间1818"中，与忠实粉侯们互动并分享个人生活和工作的故事。直播内容不仅体现了她的锐利观察和自己独特的生活方式，同时也展示了她与朱小洁之间的密切关系。这一直播不仅为公众提� Written evidence (REOG-015) submitted by Professor Nina Schmutte

I am the Director of the Graduate Programme in Environmental Economics at LSE. I hold a PhD and an MSc from the University of Oxford, and have worked as lecturer, Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean in various universities across Europe for over 20 years. My research interests include environmental economics (mainly transport-related pollution) and ecological valuation; I am particularly interested in understanding the role played by nonmarket effects when evaluating the benefits from climate change mitigation policies, as well as in designing optimal mitigation policies that address distributional impacts.

I have been working closely with the OECD for over a decade and have participated on several projects related to green finance (for example, Green Bond Principles and Sustainable Infrastructure Projects). I am an Advisory Board Member of the Centre for Climate Finance and Investment at LSE.

This briefing paper proposes how one may go about valuing nonmarket effects on welfare in climate change mitigation policies, with a specific focus on the potential role played by travel time savings resulting from more sustainable urban transport systems (including electrified public transit) under such policies. The analysis uses a micro-founded approach that takes into account individual preferences for both traveling and staying at home using an analytical framework developed in my previous research, as well as data on travel behaviours from the UK Household Travel Survey (1989 to 2013). The results show that non-residential work trips are likely to be more elastic with respect to changes in transport costs than commuting. This implies that, even if a given policy may only affect residential travel time, the potential welfare gains from such policies could be significantly larger when one takes into account nonmarket effects on travelling and working time.

The briefing paper is structured as follows: Section 1 explains how urban transport systems can be used to address climate change while considering distributional impacts across socioeconomic groups; Section 2 describes the analytical framework we use for assessing welfare implications of nonmarket effects in public transit projects, with a specific focus on travel time savings (both residential and non-residential); Section 3 presents results using data from UK household travel surveys between 1989 to 2013.

I would like to thank the OECD for giving me this opportunity to contribute to its work programme by writing on an important topic in relation to climate change mitigation and transport systems; I am looking forward to seeing my analysis incorporated into a future publication of the Organisation.

Nina Schmutte (nschmutte@lse.ac.uk)